“Naila and the Uprising,” a controversial film produced by Just Vision,
is about the role ostensibly played by Palestinian Arab women in the
first intifada. According to the producers, who are “a team of human
rights advocates, journalists, and filmmakers,” their goal “is to
contribute to fostering peace and an end to the occupation by rendering
Palestinian and Israeli grassroots leaders more visible, valued and
influential in their efforts.”
In reality, the film is another attempt to defame Israel as the
aggressor and an occupier of Arab lands. In contrast, the objective of
the article below is to briefly outline the role of Palestinian Arab
women as suicide bombers, and their position during the first intifada.
Women have been involved in terrorist activities in a number of
countries including Algiers, Germany, Italy, Sri Lanka, Chechnya,
Nigeria, West Africa, Lebanon, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Peru, Jordan,
Pakistan, Japan, Syria, Russia and Turkey. Terrorist organizations,
including ISIS, began using women once they realized they were far
better able to evade detection than men.
Palestinian Arabs believed women would be less likely to be stopped at
checkpoints or be subjected to meticulous security searches, and their
participation increased the ability of terrorist organizations to
succeed in mounting an attack. [1] In an attempt to deceive the Israeli
military, some terrorists initially used fake ID cards, particularly Red
Crescent ID’s. [2]
The young terrorists did whatever is required “to blend in” to get near
to as many people as possible to blow them up or maim them. From a
description of the first intifada:
Some suicide bombers wear soldier’s uniforms, dress in Orthodox Jewish
garb and even pose as party girls. A few women have attempted to conceal
bombs by securing them to their stomachs to fake pregnancy. In
response, female soldiers have been deployed to search Palestinian Arab
women. [3]
The use of women is a deliberate effort to "embarrass the Israeli regime
and show that things are so desperate that women are fighting instead
of men," according to Hala Mustafa, an analyst for the Al-Ahram
Newspaper Group in Egypt. [4]. “The Israelis have women in their army,”
rationalized one Palestinian Arab teacher. “We don’t have F-16s, rockets
or tanks. But these girls are our rockets. It’s Ok for our girls to
fight the Jews.” [5]
Sana Mekhaidali, who became known as “The bride of the south,” was the
first woman homicide bomber in the Middle East. She was dispatched in
1985 by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP/PPS) to attack an IDF
convoy in Lebanon, murdering five soldiers. Five other women followed
in Lebanon on behalf of a secular pro-Syrian agenda. [6] During earlier
outbreaks of hostilities in Israel, Palestinian Arab men were the
principal attackers.
First Intifada
The role of women changed during the four-year Palestinian Arab Intifada
that began in 1987 according Palestinian journalists Diaa Hadid and
Rami Nazzal. Hadid, formerly a member of the anti-Israel organization
Ittijah and then a New York Times reporter, and Nazzal, who founded
“Beyond Borders Tour of the West Bank,” to gain “exposure to the daily
lives of the Palestinian people,” reported women assumed a leading role
in coordinating marches, managing food cooperatives organizing first aid
economic boycotts and labor strikes. [7]
Palestinian Arab leaders urged mothers, sisters and daughters to become
“mothers of the nation,” by producing men for the struggle. Described as
men- generating factories, their wombs were in a sense being
“nationalized” as a “military womb.” As Article 17 of the Hamas Covenant
of August 18, 1988 affirms: “The Moslem woman has a role no less
important than that of the Moslem man in the battle of liberation. She
is the maker of men.” [8]
A woman’s support in the national struggle was now calculated by her
ability to produce males. Women who abstained from having children were
viewed as hurting their people. Consigning women to the home to raise
and educate their offspring, precluded them from participating in what
was considered the supreme contribution to the nation: armed combat
against the enemy, which might result in her death. Her womb would then
no longer be in service to fulfill the needs of her nation. [9]
Though the nature of their own involvement was determined for them,
Palestinian Arab mothers were strongly encouraged to sacrifice their own
sons with poise, self-control and even elation. For this act of
supreme self-sacrifice, they were recognized as the “Mother of the
Shahid.” Official leaflets proclaimed: “We salute the Mother of the
Shahid and we stand at attention to the sound of the joyful ululation
(zaghalit) emitted from her mouth, which she will ululate twice: once on
the day that her son leaves to fight and to fall and become a shahid,
and the day on which the [Palestinian] state will be declared.” [10]
Yet, the women were no longer content to assume these roles noted Joost
R. Hiltermann, Program Director, Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
There were “striking images’ of Palestinian Arab women marching in the
streets, teenage girls throwing stones at Israeli soldiers, older women
hauling baskets of stones on their heads to provide the younger
protestors with more ammunition, and women clashing with Israeli
officials to force them to release an arrested boy.
This unusual public demonstrations prompted some pundits to describe the
intifada as not merely shedding military control, but a social
rebellion. The younger generation disobeyed their leaders, those
protesting in the street were defying the authority of the PLO, and
women were challenging their conventional role in the Arab patriarchal
society. [11]
What distinguished women’s involvement is this uprising from earlier
periods, is that women of all ages and from all segments of society,
particularly women from villages and refugee camps, chose an active
part, not just students and seasoned dissenters. They were motivated by a
national emergency. “Because our program [before the uprising] was
explicitly political, economic, and cultural, women were afraid to
join," one Nablus activist explained. "But during the uprising, our
program began to address reality. Now women are more eager to join,
because they want to address problems in their real lives." [12]
During the early phase of the uprising, the proportion of response by
women (mainly students) under age 18 surpassed that of males over 40
years old. [13] Part of this response was spontaneous, and part as a
result of the four women's committees that formed the women’s resistance
movement in Judea and Samaria. These committees evolved into Women’s
Work Committee in the late 1970s as high school and college students
began enlisting other segments of the Arab population in assuming a more
active role in the resistance. Some of the organizers had graduated
from Bir Zeit University, a public university in Birzeit, near Ramallah,
who had fought with Israeli soldiers in demonstrations beginning in
early to mid-1970s. [14]
By the early 1980s, the Women's Work Committee divided into four
committees, representing the different ideologies within the Palestinian
Arab national movement. During the intifada, each committee focused on
providing support in areas of their expertise: hours at child care
centers were extended to assist women involved in the protests; first
aid courses were arranged so they could tend to the wounded; “solidarity
visits” were made to the families of those detained or killed; clothing
drives provided clothes for the incarcerated; financial assistance was
offered whenever necessary; and orchestrate prison visits through the
Red Cross. [15]
The leadership of women who grew up in the 60s and 70s were not content
with the charitable activities of their mothers’ generation, which they
deemed elitist, with little possibility of changing the intolerable
position of Arab women. [16]
This next generation of women leaders created their own organizations
including societies focused on political action, while remaining
respectful of those women who preceded them. “This is something we
cannot ignore,” declared Maha Nassar, who headed the Palestinian Women’s
Committees. “They gave and sacrificed and still do; they are part of
the women’s movement.” [17]
Sources:
1.Edna Erez and Anat Berko, “Palestinian Women in Terrorism: Protectors
or Protected?” Journal of National Defense Studies, Number 6, (May
2008): 83-84;“Father shocked by teenage daughter suicide bombing,” The
Jerusalem Post (September 22, 2004); Russ Read, “ISIS Uses Women To
Fight On The Front Lines After Suffering Heavy Losses,” The Daily Caller
(May 28, 2017); Abigail R. Esman, “Women Form A Growing Threat To West
In New ISS Strategy,” Investigative Project on Terrorism,” (December 10,
2016); Jack Moore, “Female Jihadis Give ISIS New Avenues for Attacks”
Newsweek (October 31, 2016); Brenda Stoter, “As IS loses power, will
group tap women jihadis to fight?” Al-Monitor (November 16, 2016);
Soeren Kern, “Germany: Surge in Stabbings and Knife Crimes,” Gatestone
(June 6, 2017); Amy Waldman, “Masters of Suicide Bombing: Tamil
Guerrillas of Sri Lanka,” The New York Times, (January 14, 2003). In an
attempt to deceive the Israeli military, some terrorists initially used
fake ID cards, particularly Red Crescent IDs.
2.Amos Harel and Arnon Regular, “Bomber, 18, volunteered for suicide attack,” Haaretz (September 23, 2004).
3.Kevin Toolis, “Where Suicide is a Cult,” The Observer (London),
(December 16, 2001); Bruce Hoffman, “The Logic of Suicide Terrorism,”
The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 291, Number 5 (June 2003).
4.Phillip Smucker, “Arab women take to the streets Pro-Palestinian
demonstrations in Arab nations this week have included more women,”
Christian Science Monitor (April 16, 2002).
5.Kevin Toolis, “Where Suicide is a Cult” The Observer (London),
December 16, 2001); Joel Brinkley, “MIDEAST TURMOIL: GAZA; Arabs' Grief
in Bethlehem, Bombers' Gloating in Gaza,” The New York Times (April 4,
2002).
6.Yoram Schweitzer, “Female Suicide Bombers: Dying for Equality?” The
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS) Memorandum Number. 84 (August
2006); Jessica Stern, “When Bombers are Women,” The Washington Post
(December 18, 2003).
7.Diaa Hadid and Rami Nazzal, “Young Palestinian Women Adopt Unfamiliar
Role in Seeking to Become Killers,” The New York Times (December 1,
2015); Sarah Aziza, “Palestine’s First Intifada Is Still a Model for
Grassroots Resistance,” The Nation (December 8, 2017); Gene Sharp, “The
Intifadah and Nonviolent Struggle,” Journal of Palestine Studies Volume
19, Number 1 (autumn, 1989): 3; for a guide to the background of how the
Intifada developed and the issues it raised for Israel and the
Palestinian Arabs, please see Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Intifada:
The Palestinian Uprising-Israel's Third Front (New York: Simon Schuster,
1989).
8.Mira Tzoreff, “The Palestinian Shahida: National Patriotism, Islamic
Feminism, or Social Crisis,” in Schweitzer, “Female Suicide Bombers,”
op.cit:13- 14; (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp.
9.Tzoreff, op.cit14.
10.Ibid.
11.Joost R. Hiltermann, “The Women's Movement During the Uprising,”
Institute for Palestine Studies Volume 20 Number 3 (1990/91).
12.Ibid; Rita Giacaman, “Palestinian Women in the Uprising: From
Followers to Leaders,” Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 2, Issue 1,
(January 1989): 139–146.
13.Islah Jad, “Patterns of Relations within the Palestinian Family
during the Intifada,” Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank, Suha
Sabbagh, Ed. (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998), 54.
14.Hiltermann, op.cit.
15.Ibid.
16.Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine Leading Women of the Palestinian
National Movement (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
1996), 103.
17.Ibid.
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is about the role ostensibly played by Palestinian Arab women in the
first intifada. According to the producers, who are “a team of human
rights advocates, journalists, and filmmakers,” their goal “is to
contribute to fostering peace and an end to the occupation by rendering
Palestinian and Israeli grassroots leaders more visible, valued and
influential in their efforts.”
In reality, the film is another attempt to defame Israel as the
aggressor and an occupier of Arab lands. In contrast, the objective of
the article below is to briefly outline the role of Palestinian Arab
women as suicide bombers, and their position during the first intifada.
Women have been involved in terrorist activities in a number of
countries including Algiers, Germany, Italy, Sri Lanka, Chechnya,
Nigeria, West Africa, Lebanon, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Peru, Jordan,
Pakistan, Japan, Syria, Russia and Turkey. Terrorist organizations,
including ISIS, began using women once they realized they were far
better able to evade detection than men.
Palestinian Arabs believed women would be less likely to be stopped at
checkpoints or be subjected to meticulous security searches, and their
participation increased the ability of terrorist organizations to
succeed in mounting an attack. [1] In an attempt to deceive the Israeli
military, some terrorists initially used fake ID cards, particularly Red
Crescent ID’s. [2]
The young terrorists did whatever is required “to blend in” to get near
to as many people as possible to blow them up or maim them. From a
description of the first intifada:
Some suicide bombers wear soldier’s uniforms, dress in Orthodox Jewish
garb and even pose as party girls. A few women have attempted to conceal
bombs by securing them to their stomachs to fake pregnancy. In
response, female soldiers have been deployed to search Palestinian Arab
women. [3]
The use of women is a deliberate effort to "embarrass the Israeli regime
and show that things are so desperate that women are fighting instead
of men," according to Hala Mustafa, an analyst for the Al-Ahram
Newspaper Group in Egypt. [4]. “The Israelis have women in their army,”
rationalized one Palestinian Arab teacher. “We don’t have F-16s, rockets
or tanks. But these girls are our rockets. It’s Ok for our girls to
fight the Jews.” [5]
Sana Mekhaidali, who became known as “The bride of the south,” was the
first woman homicide bomber in the Middle East. She was dispatched in
1985 by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP/PPS) to attack an IDF
convoy in Lebanon, murdering five soldiers. Five other women followed
in Lebanon on behalf of a secular pro-Syrian agenda. [6] During earlier
outbreaks of hostilities in Israel, Palestinian Arab men were the
principal attackers.
First Intifada
The role of women changed during the four-year Palestinian Arab Intifada
that began in 1987 according Palestinian journalists Diaa Hadid and
Rami Nazzal. Hadid, formerly a member of the anti-Israel organization
Ittijah and then a New York Times reporter, and Nazzal, who founded
“Beyond Borders Tour of the West Bank,” to gain “exposure to the daily
lives of the Palestinian people,” reported women assumed a leading role
in coordinating marches, managing food cooperatives organizing first aid
economic boycotts and labor strikes. [7]
Palestinian Arab leaders urged mothers, sisters and daughters to become
“mothers of the nation,” by producing men for the struggle. Described as
men- generating factories, their wombs were in a sense being
“nationalized” as a “military womb.” As Article 17 of the Hamas Covenant
of August 18, 1988 affirms: “The Moslem woman has a role no less
important than that of the Moslem man in the battle of liberation. She
is the maker of men.” [8]
A woman’s support in the national struggle was now calculated by her
ability to produce males. Women who abstained from having children were
viewed as hurting their people. Consigning women to the home to raise
and educate their offspring, precluded them from participating in what
was considered the supreme contribution to the nation: armed combat
against the enemy, which might result in her death. Her womb would then
no longer be in service to fulfill the needs of her nation. [9]
Though the nature of their own involvement was determined for them,
Palestinian Arab mothers were strongly encouraged to sacrifice their own
sons with poise, self-control and even elation. For this act of
supreme self-sacrifice, they were recognized as the “Mother of the
Shahid.” Official leaflets proclaimed: “We salute the Mother of the
Shahid and we stand at attention to the sound of the joyful ululation
(zaghalit) emitted from her mouth, which she will ululate twice: once on
the day that her son leaves to fight and to fall and become a shahid,
and the day on which the [Palestinian] state will be declared.” [10]
Yet, the women were no longer content to assume these roles noted Joost
R. Hiltermann, Program Director, Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
There were “striking images’ of Palestinian Arab women marching in the
streets, teenage girls throwing stones at Israeli soldiers, older women
hauling baskets of stones on their heads to provide the younger
protestors with more ammunition, and women clashing with Israeli
officials to force them to release an arrested boy.
This unusual public demonstrations prompted some pundits to describe the
intifada as not merely shedding military control, but a social
rebellion. The younger generation disobeyed their leaders, those
protesting in the street were defying the authority of the PLO, and
women were challenging their conventional role in the Arab patriarchal
society. [11]
What distinguished women’s involvement is this uprising from earlier
periods, is that women of all ages and from all segments of society,
particularly women from villages and refugee camps, chose an active
part, not just students and seasoned dissenters. They were motivated by a
national emergency. “Because our program [before the uprising] was
explicitly political, economic, and cultural, women were afraid to
join," one Nablus activist explained. "But during the uprising, our
program began to address reality. Now women are more eager to join,
because they want to address problems in their real lives." [12]
During the early phase of the uprising, the proportion of response by
women (mainly students) under age 18 surpassed that of males over 40
years old. [13] Part of this response was spontaneous, and part as a
result of the four women's committees that formed the women’s resistance
movement in Judea and Samaria. These committees evolved into Women’s
Work Committee in the late 1970s as high school and college students
began enlisting other segments of the Arab population in assuming a more
active role in the resistance. Some of the organizers had graduated
from Bir Zeit University, a public university in Birzeit, near Ramallah,
who had fought with Israeli soldiers in demonstrations beginning in
early to mid-1970s. [14]
By the early 1980s, the Women's Work Committee divided into four
committees, representing the different ideologies within the Palestinian
Arab national movement. During the intifada, each committee focused on
providing support in areas of their expertise: hours at child care
centers were extended to assist women involved in the protests; first
aid courses were arranged so they could tend to the wounded; “solidarity
visits” were made to the families of those detained or killed; clothing
drives provided clothes for the incarcerated; financial assistance was
offered whenever necessary; and orchestrate prison visits through the
Red Cross. [15]
The leadership of women who grew up in the 60s and 70s were not content
with the charitable activities of their mothers’ generation, which they
deemed elitist, with little possibility of changing the intolerable
position of Arab women. [16]
This next generation of women leaders created their own organizations
including societies focused on political action, while remaining
respectful of those women who preceded them. “This is something we
cannot ignore,” declared Maha Nassar, who headed the Palestinian Women’s
Committees. “They gave and sacrificed and still do; they are part of
the women’s movement.” [17]
Sources:
1.Edna Erez and Anat Berko, “Palestinian Women in Terrorism: Protectors
or Protected?” Journal of National Defense Studies, Number 6, (May
2008): 83-84;“Father shocked by teenage daughter suicide bombing,” The
Jerusalem Post (September 22, 2004); Russ Read, “ISIS Uses Women To
Fight On The Front Lines After Suffering Heavy Losses,” The Daily Caller
(May 28, 2017); Abigail R. Esman, “Women Form A Growing Threat To West
In New ISS Strategy,” Investigative Project on Terrorism,” (December 10,
2016); Jack Moore, “Female Jihadis Give ISIS New Avenues for Attacks”
Newsweek (October 31, 2016); Brenda Stoter, “As IS loses power, will
group tap women jihadis to fight?” Al-Monitor (November 16, 2016);
Soeren Kern, “Germany: Surge in Stabbings and Knife Crimes,” Gatestone
(June 6, 2017); Amy Waldman, “Masters of Suicide Bombing: Tamil
Guerrillas of Sri Lanka,” The New York Times, (January 14, 2003). In an
attempt to deceive the Israeli military, some terrorists initially used
fake ID cards, particularly Red Crescent IDs.
2.Amos Harel and Arnon Regular, “Bomber, 18, volunteered for suicide attack,” Haaretz (September 23, 2004).
3.Kevin Toolis, “Where Suicide is a Cult,” The Observer (London),
(December 16, 2001); Bruce Hoffman, “The Logic of Suicide Terrorism,”
The Atlantic Monthly, Volume 291, Number 5 (June 2003).
4.Phillip Smucker, “Arab women take to the streets Pro-Palestinian
demonstrations in Arab nations this week have included more women,”
Christian Science Monitor (April 16, 2002).
5.Kevin Toolis, “Where Suicide is a Cult” The Observer (London),
December 16, 2001); Joel Brinkley, “MIDEAST TURMOIL: GAZA; Arabs' Grief
in Bethlehem, Bombers' Gloating in Gaza,” The New York Times (April 4,
2002).
6.Yoram Schweitzer, “Female Suicide Bombers: Dying for Equality?” The
Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS) Memorandum Number. 84 (August
2006); Jessica Stern, “When Bombers are Women,” The Washington Post
(December 18, 2003).
7.Diaa Hadid and Rami Nazzal, “Young Palestinian Women Adopt Unfamiliar
Role in Seeking to Become Killers,” The New York Times (December 1,
2015); Sarah Aziza, “Palestine’s First Intifada Is Still a Model for
Grassroots Resistance,” The Nation (December 8, 2017); Gene Sharp, “The
Intifadah and Nonviolent Struggle,” Journal of Palestine Studies Volume
19, Number 1 (autumn, 1989): 3; for a guide to the background of how the
Intifada developed and the issues it raised for Israel and the
Palestinian Arabs, please see Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Intifada:
The Palestinian Uprising-Israel's Third Front (New York: Simon Schuster,
1989).
8.Mira Tzoreff, “The Palestinian Shahida: National Patriotism, Islamic
Feminism, or Social Crisis,” in Schweitzer, “Female Suicide Bombers,”
op.cit:13- 14; (http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp.
9.Tzoreff, op.cit14.
10.Ibid.
11.Joost R. Hiltermann, “The Women's Movement During the Uprising,”
Institute for Palestine Studies Volume 20 Number 3 (1990/91).
12.Ibid; Rita Giacaman, “Palestinian Women in the Uprising: From
Followers to Leaders,” Journal of Refugee Studies, Volume 2, Issue 1,
(January 1989): 139–146.
13.Islah Jad, “Patterns of Relations within the Palestinian Family
during the Intifada,” Palestinian Women of Gaza and the West Bank, Suha
Sabbagh, Ed. (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1998), 54.
14.Hiltermann, op.cit.
15.Ibid.
16.Amal Kawar, Daughters of Palestine Leading Women of the Palestinian
National Movement (Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
1996), 103.
17.Ibid.
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