What is a UNIVERSAL INDICATOR?

A universal indicator is a blend of pH indicator solutions designed to
identify pH of a solution over a wide range of values. There are several
different formulas for universal indicators, but most are based on a
patented formula developed in 1933 by Yamada. A common mixture includes
thymol blue, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and phenolphthalein.



Color change is used to identify pH values. The most common universal indicator colors are:



Red 0 ≥ pH ≥ 3

Yellow 3 ≥ pH ≥ 6

Green pH = 7

Blue 8 ≥ pH ≥ 11

Purple 11 ≥ pH ≥ 14



However, the colors are specific to the formulation. A commercial
preparation comes with a color chart that explains the expected colors
and pH ranges.



While a universal indicator solution may be used to test any sample, it
works best on a clear solution because it's easier to see and interpret
the color change.

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